What does organizing mean Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What does organizing mean - Case Study Example The focus is on division, coordination, and control of tasks and the flow of information within the organization" (Erven 1994). Organizing allows the company to manage its resources and introduce effective management practices. Organizing function of management has a great impact on HRM (human resources management) and employee relations. Training is one of the tools used by Body Shop to improve skills and knowledge of employees. Body Shop proposes its employees eternal short courses, and further professional study in order to meet changing conditions and technological innovations. It motivates employees to pursue further education which helps employees to identify their career opportunities and goals. This training and learning is aimed at providing a blend of technical competence, social and human skills, and conceptual ability. This form of training is time and cost consuming. Following Hetman (1992), "managers must foster a culture of change in their departments. They must develop an environment in which workers expect but can cope with frequent and gradual changes in the way things get done and what is expected" (70). Body Shop organize its activities in order create a positive climate and corporate cu lture. Organizing function of management deals with delegation of authority and division of labor. In considering the limits of authority, an obvious limitation is that action conforms with the policies and programs of the company. In many cases, specific limitations are made (e.g. not to take on more staff without the approval of a superior). The reason why a subordinate accepts a superior's decision has been considered by many authorities. One line of thought is that there is an 'area of acceptance' wherein the subordinate is willing to accept the superior's instructions. In Body Shop, the main purpose of delegation is organize labor and introduce effective HR management. One employee cannot exercise all authority in making decisions as the company grows (Foss and Pedersen 2004). There is a limit to the number of persons that a manager can personally supervise. After this limit, the manager delegates authority to subordinates to make decisions. The work is delegated and the superior holds the subordinate accountable. The subordinate is responsible for doing the job; it is the superior's responsibility to see the job is done. "Delegation frees the manager from the tyranny of urgency. Delegation frees the manager to use his or her time on high priority activities" (Erven 1994). In Body Shop, it is upon this discretionary content that people feel the weight of responsibility and this is deemed measurable by finding the maximum period during which a person is relied upon to use his own judgment. The term 'time-span of discretion' therefore refers to the longest period that can pass before a superior makes an effective check on a person's work. Body Shop uses centralization and departmentalization of activities in order to provide effective management of HR. Body Shop groups in each organizational unit activities having a common purpose: sales department, accounting department, HR department, etc. The whole process is controlled by the problems that present themselves and the way the persons involved react to those problems, their value systems and their skills (Foss and Pedersen 2004). Because the concrete problems cannot be anticipated in any detail, and because they would in any event not present

Suppporting children Essay Example for Free

Suppporting children Essay E1/E2- Five pieces of current legislation are, Children Act 2004, Human Rights Act 2000, UNCRC 1998, Equality Act 2006 and Protection of data act 1999. Children Act 2004 states that the interests of children and young people are better in all considerations of welfare and safeguarding and that safeguarding children is everyones responsibility. This is because safegaurding can only be achieved by building up a range of outcomes for children and young people, which include their health, education and growth and also safety. (0]). This will influence working practice in the setting because the Children Act 2004 makes sure that each setting has policies and procedures, such as multiagencies, this gives children more support within the setting and prevents anything happening to them because lots of agencies come together and work more effectively. Human Rights Act 2000 is all about, having the right to dignity, respect and fairness in the way they are treated. This is to make sure that no setting is able to use corporal punishment even if a parent allows it. This is because it is seen as degrading and breaking the law of Childs Rights. The Human Rights Act means that the parents of children are also pretected. (Penny Tassoni, childcare and education page 115) This will influence working practice in the setting because the Human Rights Act makes sure that no child is felt left out and is resepcted by the practitioner and also is treated fairly throughout there peers, this is because if a child is left out they will feel like they are different and thismakes them feel isolated and unincluded within the setting. UNCRC 1998, this policy was drawn up in 1989 and gives children and young people under the age of 18 years their own special rights. A few of the special rights are, Reinforces the importance of fundermental human dignity, highlights and defends the familys role in childrens lives, seeks respect for children and endorses the principle of non-discrimination (Penny Tassoni, childcare and education page 115). This will influece working practice in the setting because it gives the children there own rights are respect within the setting and allows them to keep there dignity. I have seen this in placement when a child wet themselves but the practitioners did not make a fuss about it so the other children didnt make fun of this child, this is keeping the childs dignity. Equality Act 2006, a key part of this policy is the organization of the commission for equality and human rights. It will plan equality legislation on age, disability and health, gender, race, religion or belief. This policy gives children equal rights no matter what there age, disability etc. This makes the children feel equal and not different to there peers, this is great because it will never make a child feel isolated within the setting and always feel like they have someone to talk to. I have experienced this in my setting because there was a child who was a Jehovah Witness and it was near christmas time so he wasnt able to do any christmas activities or the christmas play so i sat with him and we done lots of different activites together and made him feel like he was included even though the activites were different he still felt as a part of a group. Protection of Data Act 1999, this act set up a register of names of people who are unsuitable to work with children. It needs settings working woth children to make sure they do not offer employment or volunteer work to anyone before they have been tested by the Criminal Records Bureau. I have seen this is my placement where the secetary asked me for my CRB check to make sure i was suitable to work with children and also they always know who the parents or gaurdians are before they let them into the school. Also we have a system which is when a parent or gaurdian is picking up a child from school they have a password which they have to say to the practitioner and only close family or friends will know this password. This makes sure no onespicks up the children who shouldnt be picking them up and this keeps them safe. E3- Describe how the policies and procedures will help safeguard children Policies and procedures will help safe gaurding children because by following the right procedures will keep children safe, some policies and procedure which will keep children safe are, anti-bullying policy, collection by parents/carers, photography policy and safe internet use policy. The anti-bullying policy will keep children safe because if a child gets bullied there is steps the practitioner must take from the policy which will let the children know that bullying is wrong and not kind and that the child will be punished for it. This will then keep other children safe because the other peers will see what happens to the child if he/she bullies another pupil and will not want to do it because they will not want to recieve the punishment which could be, not being allowed to chose at over to you time or not being able to go outside at dinner. This is deffinately an effective method because children love playing outside and being able to be independant and chose what they can do them selves at over to you time. Collection by parents or carers also plays an important role within a setting because if this policy was not set into place then anyone at anytime could pick any chid up from school. This policy makes sure that all children are safe within there setting and cannot be taken from school by anyone random for any reason. The setting will make sure this doesnt happen by mkaing sure that the practitioners know who the parents/carers or they could also have a scheme which is a password scheme, this scheme is put into place to stop anyone from taking the children. This scheme consists of the parent or gaurdian having a password which allows them to pick up there child from school and if a close family member or friend is to pick the child up from school for some reason they will then say the password which wil then notify the practitioner that they know the child and that the parent/gaurdian trusts them. This policy would come under the Data Protection Act 2006. Photography Policy is an important part of a setting as only the practitioners are able to take photos of the children on a school camera for displays and other work which is used within a setting. This is because parents might not want other people to have pictures of their children, practitioners take this very seriously because it is part of Data protection act and schools take it seriously because if they dont the practitioners could loose there job for not following legislation and not be able to work with children again. If any photos are taken on a different camera by parents then they call the parents in and ask them to delete the photos and if they dont the school could take other precausions which would be highly nessessay. It is important to follow this procedure also because it is apart of the Data Protection act aswell. Safe internet use policy is important because this makes sure no practitioners arent watching or viewing anything innapropriate within the setting, because this policy is in place it will keep the children safe because the setting would be made sure that nothing innapropriate would be viewd to the children and that they would be safe throughout there school years. This policy isnt just for the practitioners it is also to make sure that no children or pupils try to search anything innapropriate on the internet. So to prevent this from happening all schools have a fire wall on there computers which stops the practitioners and pupils to open anythinginnapropriate. I think this is a great idea because it keeps all the chidren safe and it is also great in high schools where teenagers try to search silly things, but it stops them. E4- Describe how the policies and procedures promote fair, just and inclusive strategies Policies and procedures promote fair, justice and inclusive strategies. They do this because in a setting all children deserve to be included no matter what there race, religion or disability etc. The disability discrimination act is a good example because all schools should have disability access because it makes dissabled children not feel an individual and makes them feel as part of a group like they are not any different to the other children. Another one would be the Human Rights Act this means that the child has the right to reach their full potential so this means the practitioners push them to make sure that they reach their full potential. They do this by making sure that the classroom has different groups for different abilities, they do this to make sure that each child is pushed to there ability but not too far and also that theyre not given work that is too easy for them. If they are given work that is too easy they will not be pushed to be able to achieve there ultimate best. E5- Two strategies which the setting may use to empower children to develop independance and self-relience. One strategie would be over to you time this is because it gives each child the independence to choose what they would like to do for 40 minutes of the day, i think this is great because it helps the child to grow up and be more independant and help them choose freely what they would like to do, and make choices for themselves. This is also a goos stragagie because if they choose something they like they are more likely to pay an interest in it and have no problem doing it, where as if you gave the children maths to do they wouldnt be as interested but in over to you time they are also still learning something beause they could be on the writing table learning how to write there name, only because they are not taking part in an actual lesson doesnt mean that they are not learning anything because they learn something new everyday. Another strategie would be at dinner time and choosing their own food i think this is good because they can be independant again and choose what they like to eat, this is great because they are only going to chose food which they like which will mean they will eat it all and be strong and healthy, this is good because they also have healthy options which the children also choose. They can also decide when theyd like to have dinners. They dont have to have it everyday just on the days they know they are going to eat the food. They feel independant and all grownup when they can chose there own food because its what there parents do and their parents are there role models and they like to copy them. Being able to chose there own food makes them be self-relient because they can rely on themselves to choose food which they like and will enjoy. B- Discuss how the causes and effects of discrimination may affect practice in the setting In class we talked about Jane Elliot and her descrimination experiment, in her experiment she went to a school setting and split up the blue eyed people from the brown eyed people, she was fair to the blue eyed people and was unfair to the brown eyed people she was fair by praising them and letting them play with things they wanted to play with but for the brown eyed people she was being unfair by making them stand up and squash in into small places, this made the brown eyed people feel uncomfortable and not welcome in the setting. We tried this experiment in our lesson by the blue eyes people being allowed there phones out and able to sit on a chair whereas the brown eyed people werent allowed their phones and they had to stand up or sit on the floor and also the blue eyed people were allowed to talk to their friends and the brown eyed people got told off if they spoke. I was one of the brown eyed people and it made me feel unwelcome and unwanted, I can imagine what it would make children feel like in a setting and I think it would make them not want to go to school. Discrimination is brought on in many different ways, not just because of someones eye colour it is also because of their religion, race, beliefs and if they have a disability A- Feflect on influence of legislation on working practices within early years setting. In the placement setting they have to follow lots of different types of legislation such as the Equality Act 2006, this act gives ALL children equal righs whatever their race, religion, gender and beliefs maybe. Also another important legislation which the school has to follow is the Data Protection act 1998, this makes sure that all practitioners keep confidentiality of each child, this will mean keeping information on all children private and confidential, locked away for no one to be able to get at it, or if it is on a computer or laptop it is password protected and no available for anyone to see. Also it is important to not share or spread any imformation on a child which the parents or child has told you in confidence because then they will loose all trust in you and you will break the confidentiality policy. All of the policies within a setting are influenced by legislations, these legislations are then put into place within the setting to safe gaurd the children and also their families, this will kepp them all safe within the setting. Forexample in my placement we have a coded door at the back which only members of staff know the code to, then also at the from we have a buzzer which leads to reception so the receptionist can look at who is wanting to comeinto the building before letting them in, once she has let them in she asks them who they are and what they are looking for, doing this make sure that no one who shouldnt be in the school doesnt get in witout permission. This is mentioned in the Data Protection act 1998, it is important to follow the policies and procedures and correctly and to take the correct precautions because if you dont you could put a child in serious danger. For example if you think a chid is getting abused at home and you dont tell anyone about it they could be in serious danger, so by taking the right procedures you will be able to talk to the right people and then they will do what is bets for the child. Duties of being a practitioner is to make sure that each child is safe and also feels safe within the setting, I as a practitioner can do this by helping the child in any way and also making sure the classroom is not a danger hazard and that everything is put away correctly so no child will fall, or slip and hurt themselves. Also when the children go outside to play all practitioners have to make sure that the playing yard is safe for children to play on, so making sure there are no sharp objects or fieces on the floor and also making sure that all the gates are shut so no child can wnder off without anyone knowing, this is part of the child protection act 1998 and the health and safety policy in my setting. Also in my placement we have a behaviour policy which states that you are not allowed to use physical punishment on ny child under any circumstances evenif the parent gives you permission too, this is because of the human rights act 200, this legislation states each child have the same rights and is able to keep the same dignity as adults.

The Hobbit by JRR Tolkein :: essays research papers

â€Å"The Hobbit† Book Report   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Hobbit† was written by J. R. R. Tolkien and secured as a copyright in 1937. The story is about a short, peaceful creature named Bilbo Baggins who, like most hobbits, is about half as tall as a human, but not nearly as loud. Bilbo resides in his comfortable hole where he leads a very easy-going life. He does, however have a side to himself that wants to go out and explore the world and be adventurous. One day a wizard, named Gandalf, comes to Bilbo’s house and discovers that he could use an adventure to make a difference in his life. Bilbo declines Gandalf’s invitation, but gets dragged into an expedition when Gandalf hires Bilbo as a â€Å"Burglar† to join a group of dwarves. These dwarves, led by Thorin, are going to head to the Lonely Mountain to reclaim treasure stolen from their family by a fierce dragon, named Smaug. Throughout the quest, the party is faced with trouble from trolls, goblins, spiders, and many â€Å"evil† creatures. Bi lbo is useful to the group because he can sneak around very quietly, and explore things without getting caught. This ability to sneak around is ever increased when he stumbles across a magic ring that makes him invisible. Using the ring, Bilbo comes across a way to kill the dragon and reclaim the treasure. He spreads word of Smaug’s weak spot and the dragon is killed, but not before an entire town is destroyed. When the treasure is reclaimed, there is much controversy over who gets to claim it. Thorin is, however, unwilling to share the treasure with anyone but the dwarves, and a war brews over it. The â€Å"good† creatures unite and defeat the â€Å"evil† creatures, but as a consequence Thorin is killed in battle. The treasure is then spread peacefully among the â€Å"good† creatures, including Bilbo, and he heads home. When he returns he finds that the other hobbits do no longer wish to interact with Bilbo because of his newfound adventurous ways. He do esn’t mind though, because he has gained many friends out of his expedition, who stop by frequently. The Hobbit is a great story for people who like to leave their present reality, and simply enter a world of fantasy. This novel’s most important element was the main character, Bilbo Baggins. The entire story revolves around Bilbo’s actions, and follows him wherever he goes.

Media †Gaga and Audience Study Essay

Lady Gaga is beyond just a modern pop star; she is a product as well. From literally selling singles, albums and concert tickets, Lady Gaga is also selling herself as a brand. She is a media construct who is artificial and created for a specific target audience in the effort for the maximum commercial gain. Her ‘Little Monsters’ are the ‘buyers’ in the product and purchaser relationship and they not only buy into the idea of her as an artist but also as an icon and a brand. Her brand and image is established in several ways through her design including how she portrays herself as a modern pop package and her personality. She spreads awareness of herself through market and promotion including social media and music videos in order to maintain a convincing relationship to her fans. There are three main parties involved with this relationship Gaga has with her fans. First of all, her record label, Interscope who signed her in 2007 are part of a conglomerate, Universal Music hence they have identified her as a way to make a financial return on their investment and look to benefit from this relationship financially. Secondly, Lady Gaga is another party in this relationship. She also similarly benefits financially as well as being able to live her dream and passion of music or at least that is hat she is trying to portray. Lastly, her ‘Little Monsters’ are the last party involved. Made up predominately of teenagers to mid 30’s and also the gay community, they benefit from contributing to her success and ultimately finding joy and happiness from this. The main aim of the relationship is to maximise the commercial success from increasing sales of her physical products. Her design is a way in which Lady Gaga endeavours to establish and maintain a relationship with her audience. Two main aspects of her design include how she is a modern pop package and her personality while others include her look, religious cult figure and her name. A modern pop package refers to how Gaga produces music within the pop bracket but also how she follows international and local trends in terms of fashion or technology. This is an effective way for Gaga to create the relationship with her audience because of several benefits of a modern pop package. Firstly, pop music reaches out to a large audience not only on Top 40 music stations but in mainstream media in general. As a result there is an increase in appeal from a wider audience allowing the relationship to occur on a wider scale. Secondly, because the target age demographic for pop music would be the 15-35 age group and they have the most income available to spend on entertainment, she is able to maximise sales hence financial return for herself and her record label. In general pop music refers to music that deals with typical topics like love or fame or having fun. Gaga’s debut single, ‘Just Dance’ is an example of her work to show how she fits into this genre of music. It speaks about being free, having a good time reinforcing this idea that pop music is usually made for listening ple asure as opposed to real craft or message sending and ‘Just Dance’ certainly fits into the category. An increasing part of a modern pop package is appealing genuine and authentic to their fans and ensuring them that the relationship is genuine. Personality is another aspect of her design that enables Gaga to have a relationship with her fans. Her personality refers to her portrayal of herself to be genuine and that she really cares about her fans. The way in which she advocates difference is a main method in which she does this. This allows her to develop the relationship because by making individuals feel included and important, fans then feel that they need to repay her by giving her unconditional support. Examples of this would be at her concert in Auckland where she sings Happy Birthday to one of her fans, Minisha. She took the effort to learn the correct pronunciation of her name and this shows the audience how she really cares about them individually. Another example would be when Gaga ask the girls, â€Å"How short are your skirts? † This again allows hr to develop the relationship by making her fans believe that she is genuine and different from other pop stars and they consequently buy into the idea of how she the perfect pop star and role model that they should support. Her design comes with several implications. Firstly, there are contrary messages from Gaga as a result of being in the modern pop bracket. While she preaches difference and the positive of being unique and different, she herself produces modern pop music. This causes a contradiction in her image and raises the idea that difference is okay if you’re still in the main bracket or if Lady Gaga says so. Another example of where this had occurred would be when a source quoted that â€Å"Gaga slams Adele all the time, even calling her a fat cow†. Adele is a modern day artist that literally promotes difference, as she is evidently larger than most other pop stars today. This may raise the idea that Gaga is becoming threatening by Adele due to the similarity in advocating difference and may be what is developing into commercial envy. Overall this implication is reflecting on Gaga’s fans because it shows that even though she advocates difference, it really doesn’t mean huge difference, just enough to appear different with the aim of financially capitalising on this idea. The way in which is advocating different also raises an implication on the music industry as a whole. It is a well known fact that unless an artist is expected to make money for the record label, they won’t be signed. This raises how they have formulas, which have proved successful in the past, and therefore how Gaga must fit into this formula This is further implications on the music industry as a whole as well. Because Gaga’s success has proven that the formula works, more and more acts are conforming to this idea of utilising a brand image of appearing different for commercial success. Another example would be One Direction. Similar to Gaga, they are also a product in the way that they are in the business of selling not only their music but also her image with a consumer driven formula. They claim to be â€Å"different from boybands past† but it is evident they have the same boy band pop music with a human driven personality similar to the likes of Backstreet Boys etc. This shows how modern day music is about trivial differences that are clearly not that much different and as long as management companies portray the image of the likes of Gaga and One Direction that they are different then the fans will believe it despite them all following the same money making formula that is truly tested throughout the years. The use of this formula raises the issue of longevity. When there is an increase in the use of the difference idea, there becomes a slight problem of repetition. If too many stars consistently advocate difference then in comparison the idea of difference doesn’t become as ground breaking and instead the new normal. Consequently, the press and also her audience may become bored of this idea of difference leading to a decline in popularity. As well as this, it again raises what the future may hold for the music industry. If teenagers are growing up yearning to be different yet the same as their idols it shows that how in the future we may e moving to an even more on sided one dimension celebrity culture where everyone is essentially the same yet trivially different to everyone else. Examples can be seen through the latest artists created through the X Factor USA especially in the Girl’s category. Similarities have been spotted between Cece Frey and Ke$ha. The way in which she is creating an animal branding to herself is incredibly similar to Ke$ha when she first began. This creates the allusion that Cece is different to her counterparts where in fact she is not as she still sings mainstream music. Gaga is known to be one of the acts to lead the way in this brand and cult establishment for fans and since her success, the X Factor is one of the singing talent shows which have followed her in doing the same thing to their contestants. A contestant with a sob story is more likely to do better than say a contestant with a quality voice. By having a story behind them, contestants can engage with their audiences and manipulate their emotions leading to them becoming more relatable to their audience. This raises how the music industry has become less about the music and rather the personality attached to it showing how it has evolved. A whole package is what budding artists need to be rather than just having the voice and in the future, people with real talent will be less represented. * Marketing and promotion is a way in which Lady Gaga spreads awareness of her design to establish and maintain the relationship she had with her fans. She achieves this in two main ways including social media and music videos, other ways are concerts, publicity stunts, merchandise and albums. Firstly modern day pop stars because of its accessibility and also how it allows direct contact between celebrities and their fans use social media widely. Twitter is a medium, which Gaga uses frequently. She was the first user to reach 10 million followers in May 2010 and had consistently been the top most viewed profile on the website. Despite sending on average 2 tweets a day, â€Å"Goodnight little monsters† is an example of a tweet which enables her to maintain this important relationship she had with her fans. Tweets like this make her fans believe they are part of her life and also that she cares about them. Consequently, fans feel special and buy into the idea of supporting her. Now, especially with the feature of Twitter with the ability to send tweets straight to mobile phones, a close bond between her and her fans is established because it makes them believe she is talking to the specially. As well as Twitter, her website is a way in which she targets her fanbase alone. It is by invite only, which is significant because it makes fans feel part of her inner circle and therefore increasing the closeness fans feel of the relationship. Also because she targets those who are different and on the fringe of society, and therefore presumed to be not included, by including them she is making sure that they feel included. She plays on the insecurity in everyone in that we have a desire to be included and therefore develops the idea she cares for the genuinely and in return should support her. Music videos are another way Gaga develops a relationship with her fans. Her music video for Telephone is a great example. 9 minutes in length, it had multiple occasions of product placement such as Wonder White Bread or HP Computers. Both of these features increase the views of her video and therefore awareness of her because it is different. The more views a music video has the more likely it will appear as a promoted video. This attracts more people that are not necessarily in her fanbase already and allows for more people to become her fans. Particularly the product placement, which turns her video into a game where people spot the different brands, views and awareness, is definitely achieved. Though product placement has a direct link to a profit motive, it also helps Gaga to develop a relationship with her fans. By promoting certain brands, her fans are more inclined to purchase them as they feel if they do they are better fans or similar to Gaga as they consume and like the same products. Meanwhile, those companies as well as Gaga are further benefiting financially from it. As well as that because her music videos are usually released to her website first rather than the likes of MTV. She is further improving the relationship because she is showing them that she really cares about them and is therefore rewarding their support with something tangible before the rest of the world. There are again several implications from her marketing and promotion. Firstly, the idea of social media pacing the way for a false relationship between idols and their fans has its own implication. The idea that an idol will reply to your tweets can be likened to a carrot analogy. The accessibility of social networking sites makes fans believe that one day they will notice them, if not today then tomorrow or the next day. This creates a false perception of the relationship fans have with Gaga. In the meantime, by using social networking sites they are freely promoting Gaga as a brand and as a product. Therefore it shows how Gaga is the one benefiting form the use of social networking financially where as the fans are being taken advantage of due to their free publicity for her. What used to be the job of management companies and what they had to pay thousands for in the past can now be done for free by her fans. Additionally, social media fosters the idea that pop stars are working for them. This is because when artists leak things like album artwork, or snippets of new songs, they automatically get feedback on social networking sites without directly asking for it and make changes accordingly. As a result, fans believe that their artist work to please them and because they are so wrapped up in the idea of them they ignore the real purpose behind the changes which is to increase sales and financial return for her record label and herself leading to manipulation of the trust between Gaga and her fans. Other pop acts such as Justin Bieber and One Direction use them in similar ways. Furthermore, there are social worries attached to this use of social media. There is a distortion of the idea that teenagers actually have this connection with their idols where in fact they haven’t. There then becomes a dependency of them on their idols with some fans even going as far as saying â€Å"Gaga saved my life† or similar claims. This is an issue due to the impacts this could have on them if their idol was to not be in the industry anymore. Besides other artists utilising social media for promotion and marketing of themselves, businesses have also followed Gaga in this way. Large businesses in New Zealand from banks such as ASB with 6300 followers to Vodafone with over 23 and a half thousand followers are beginning to capitalise on the use of social media for business also. E-commerce has become a huge part of business and more and more companies are aiming to create the relationship with their audience and target markets through these social media outlets in the effort to become more relatable and ultimately earn more sales from it. A issue becomes prominent as society becomes too over exposed to commercialisation and it becomes less about the product itself but how it’s sold to us sways whether we purchase it or not. Music videos also have their own implications. As said in an article by Jezbel. com, â€Å"If anything, he video simply amplifies what music videos have been all along: a giant commercial for an artist to sell records with† and this is more than true with Gaga but as well as selling music, music videos are also helping he sell concert tickets. Concerts are where the majority of the money is made in the modern industry due to the increase in piracy. Consequently, her music videos become promotion to her concerts and activitely act as a preview of what you can expect from her concert. An example would be the costume changes throughout her video for telephone. She changes from a telephone headpiece to a leopard print leotard. The multiple costume changes not only put into practice what she preaches but it becomes a preview of what fans can expect from her concerts which is excessive costume changes. This ultimately shows how the more physical products music artists make, the more they are just trying to increase their sales of other things in the effort to earn more money from their fans. The same conclusion could then be drawn from the latest thing of having lyric videos for singles could just be an encouragement for fans to purchase something else to increase the commercial success for artists and their labels. This raises a more significant implication of how more and more mediums are being created for fans to buy into and the impulsive buying from fans are further increasing the profits made from Gaga as a brand. Fans tend to buy merchandise and anything with their idols on them in the effort to prove they are the biggest fans and again like music, they are tangible things in which artists sell and no doubt contributed to Gaga’s $90 million dollar profit last year (according to Forbes).

Being Wasteful

Being Wasteful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What being wasteful means to me is not using what you have or been given in a proper way. When I think of someone being wasteful, I think of someone that buys clothes and never wears them and just keeps buying new. Another way I think of being wasteful is by not eating your food that you are given or buy and having to throw it away. I also believe you can be wasteful with your finances. The first way I feel that someone can be wasteful is by buying clothes and never wearing them. To have a closet or floor full of clothes and to only wear the same three outfits every week is wasteful.My friend Andrea has this habit; she will say she has to go buy a new outfit to go to work in. She will then go to the mall, spend hours picking out this outfit, and take it home to put it in her closet and end up never wearing it. She has approximately twenty outfits still with tags on them that she has never worn. After she decides she doesn ’t want them or won’t wear them, she won’t take them back because she states â€Å"I’m going to wear them someday. † This to me is just being wasteful. I believe it is wasteful because she is buying clothes she does not need, and she is wasting money. Another way I think of being wasteful is with food.If you go spend the money on the groceries you need to cook meals or a dinner, and then decide that you don’t want to have it, but then never do anything with that food and it spoils and you have to throw it out, that is being wasteful. In addition, if you put so much food on your plate and do not eat it and then have to throw it in the trash, that is being wasteful. My daughter Kaytlyn has a very bad habit of thinking she is hungrier than she actually is, and once she starts eating before she even gets close to being done, she has to throw part of it away. Then not even an hour later she will want to come ask for a snack.We argue a lot about t his; I tell her to start out with smaller amounts, and then if she is still hungry to go back and get more. Another example of being wasteful with food is I will make dinner and have leftovers in the fridge. After several nights of cooking, we take and have a leftover night, and no one wants to eat the leftovers. I get very aggravated with this, because if no one eats the leftover that means this food is being thrown away, leading to more food and money is being wasted. Last is being wasteful with money. Being wasteful with money is thinking you have to spend every penny you have just ecause it is there. My son Austin is very bad about being wasteful with his money. He will buy whatever he wants like LED flashing lights for the inside of his truck that he believes makes it look cool, and he will not take a second look at what he may need in the future. He also has the habit of wasting his money on gas. The example I have for this is he will drive to a friend’s house, then bac k home to grab something, and then drive back to the same friend’s house. He would not be being wasteful if when he was ready to leave, he would grab everything he needed for what they had planned.Then when something comes up that he needs money for he never has any and then wants to borrow from me. I tell him all the time, â€Å"Maybe you should not be so wasteful with your money and put some in the bank account you have. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The examples I have described are all ways I feel define being wasteful. I feel buying clothes you do not need, and are never going to wear, wasting food that you cook or put on your plate, and are not going to eat, and spending money just because you have it in your pocket, and not saving any money for future need are all examples of being wasteful.

Facism essays

Facism essays 3. Publisher: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers 6. How long did it take to read the book? 1 day 7. Why did you choose this book? I wanted to get a better understanding of fascism. 8. What is the main subject of the book? The nature of fascism and the studies of two fascist states, Italy and Germany. 9. Benito Mussolini was dictator of Italy from 1922-1943. As a little boy, he was proved bright but violent. He was expelled from school fives times. Out of these five times, two were for stabbing fellow students. Mussolini had different careers before he reached the age of 30. He was a teacher, laborer, agitator, army deserter, journalist, union organizer, prisoner, and editor of the Socialist Party newspaper Avanti! He was drafted in 1915 and served as corporal until he was wounded and was discharged in 1917. Gabriele dAnnunzio was a famous poet at the age of 16. While fighting in World War I, Gabriele lost an eye and was given the award of bravery. A daring air raid over Vienna in 1918 made him a national hero. Gabriele was admired by many for acting boldly in a bombardment between the disputing sides of Italy and Yugoslavia. He later became a strong support of fascism but preferred to write rather then deal with politics. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He was not born a German. Adolf was a failure in school. He moved to Vienna and then to Munich to pursue other interests. Though he lacked education, money, family, and friends, he still dreamed of greatness within himself. He volunteered to be in the war when it just broke out in 1914. Hitler won the Iron Cross twice but was never promoted to a higher position other then corporal. 10. The book first describes how fascism came to be. It was after World War I when the fascist movements managed to turn Italy and Germany, two ...

Marketing Strategy Goals and Objectives

Marketing Strategy Goals and Objectives Our company seeks to become successful in the ice cream business. The company targets to develop a unique set of goals and objectives that will make it a leading player in the market. The company plans to improve the lifestyles of its targeted consumers through training and awareness. This will encourage the consumers to embrace the best health practices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy: Goals and Objectives specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By so doing, the company will encourage its customers to embrace the best lifestyles. This discussion presents the company’s objectives and goals.  The first goal is to provide high-quality products to its customers. There are various aspects used to describe a â€Å"high-quality† product. To begin with, the ice creams marketed by the company will provide a new image to the consumers. The company will achieve this goal using proper promotional st rategies. The company will sensitize the customers about the quality of its products thus making its business successful. The quality of any given product plays a significant role towards its success in the market. The second goal is to change the people’s attitude about ice cream and similar products. It is agreeable that many people in different societies consider ice cream as a bad product because it affects human health. The company targets to use awareness strategies and training procedures in order to change the people’s views about the products. The company’s marketing strategy will be successful after changing the people’s perception about ice cream. The third goal is to increase the company’s brand equity. Brand equity is what determines the success of a product in the market. Companies with the best brand equities find it easier to succeed after introducing new services or products in a given market. Our company also seeks to change the i mage of its ice cream trucks and products. The approach will make it possible for the company to become profitable. This will be a critical approach towards a successful marketing strategy.  The other important goal is to re-invent the mobile ice cream industry. Many people today do not understand or embrace the nature of the â€Å"mobile† ice cream industry. That being the case, the company will present new ideas and strategies that will encourage more people to purchase the products. The strategy will make the company’s business successful.  The other important objective is to embrace the idea of corporate social responsibility (CSR). Corporate social responsibility is an important practice that helps businesses realize their potentials by providing adequate support to different communities.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It will also be necess ary to produce healthy products. The company will encourage the people to conserve the environment in order to promote sustainability.  The company will also focus on the best ways to produce unique products that are acceptable in the society. This goal will make it easier for our company to diversify its â€Å"ice creams† thus becoming successful in the business. The company will produce new flavors in order to address the changing needs of the customers.  The above goals and objectives will help the company focus on its goals and eventually become successful. The ice creams will fulfill the needs of the customers. The other goal is to embrace the best business practices in the industry. The approach will ensure the business engages in a competitive business. The company will also involve its employees and stakeholders in the decision-making process. Such practices and goals will definitely make the company successful.

Code of Ethics for US Government Service

Code of Ethics for US Government Service   In general, rules of ethical conduct for persons serving the U.S. federal government are divided into two categories: elected members of Congress, and government employees. Note that in the context of ethical conduct, â€Å"employees† includes persons hired or appointed to work for the Legislative Branch or on the staffs of individual Senators or Representatives, as well as those executive branch employees appointed by the President of the United States. Active duty members of the U.S. military are covered by the codes of conduct for their specific branch of the military. Members of Congress The ethical conduct of the elected members of Congress is prescribed by either the House Ethics Manual or the Senate Ethics Manual, as created and revised by the House and Senate committees on ethics. Executive Branch Employees For the first 200 years of U.S. government, each agency maintained its own code of ethical conduct. But in 1989, the Presidents Commission on Federal Ethics Law Reform recommended that individual agency standards of conduct be replaced with a single regulation applicable to all employees of the executive branch. In response, President George H.W. Bush signed Executive Order 12674 on April 12, 1989, setting out the following fourteen basic principles of ethical conduct for executive branch personnel: Public service is a public trust, requiring employees to place loyalty to the Constitution, the laws and ethical principles above private gain.Employees shall not hold financial interests that conflict with the conscientious performance of duty.Employees shall not engage in financial transactions using nonpublic Government information or allow the improper use of such information to further any private interest.An employee shall not, except as permitted ... solicit or accept any gift or other items of monetary value from any person or entity seeking official action from, doing business with, or conducting activities regulated by the employees agency, or whose interests may be substantially affected by the performance or nonperformance of the employees duties.Employees shall put forth honest effort in the performance of their duties.Employees shall not knowingly make unauthorized commitments or promises of any kind purporting to bind the Government.Employees shall not use public offic e for private gain. Employees shall act impartially and not give preferential treatment to any private organization or individual.Employees shall protect and conserve Federal property and shall not use it for other than authorized activities.Employees shall not engage in outside employment or activities, including seeking or negotiating for employment, that conflict with official Government duties and responsibilities.Employees shall disclose waste, fraud, abuse, and corruption to appropriate authorities.Employees shall satisfy in good faith their obligations as citizens, including all just financial obligations, especially those- such as Federal, State, or local taxes- that are imposed by law.Employees shall adhere to all laws and regulations that provide equal opportunity for all Americans regardless of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, or handicap.Employees shall endeavor to avoid any actions creating the appearance that they are violating the law or the ethical standards set forth in this part. Whether particular circumstances create an appearance that the law or these standards have been violated shall be determined from the perspective of a reasonable person with knowledge of the relevant facts. The federal regulation enforcing these 14 rules of conduct (as amended) is now codified and fully explained in the Code of Federal Regulations at 5 C.F.R. Part 2635. Part 2635. Over the years since 1989, some agencies have created supplemental regulations that modify or supplement the 14 rules of conduct to better apply to the specific duties and responsibilities of their employees. Established by the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, the U.S. Office of Government Ethics provides overall leadership and oversight of the executive branch ethics program designed to prevent and resolve conflicts of interest. The Overarching Rules of Ethical Conduct In addition to the above 14 rules of conduct for executive branch employees, Congress, on June 27, 1980, unanimously passed a law establishing the followinggeneral Code of Ethics for Government Service. Signed by President Jimmy Carter on July 3, 1980, Public Law 96-303 requires that, â€Å"Any person in Government service should:† Put loyalty to the highest moral principles and to country above loyalty to persons, party, or Government department.Uphold the Constitution, laws, and regulations of the United States and of all governments therein and never be a party to their evasion.Give a full days labor for a full days pay; giving earnest effort and best thought to the performance of duties.Seek to find and employ more efficient and economical ways of getting tasks accomplished.Never discriminate unfairly by the dispensing of special favors or privileges to anyone, whether for remuneration or not; and never accept, for himself or herself or for family members, favors or benefits under circumstances which might be construed by reasonable persons as influencing the performance of governmental duties.Make no private promises of any kind binding upon the duties of the office, since a Government employee has no private word which can be binding on public duty.Engage in no business with the Government, either directl y or indirectly, which is inconsistent with the conscientious performance of governmental duties. Never use any information gained confidentially in the performance of governmental duties as a means of making private profit.Expose corruption wherever discovered.Uphold these principles, ever conscious that public office is a public trust. Is There a Presidential Code of Ethics? While the elected members of Congress have chosen to adopt their own code of ethics, the President of the United States, as an elected rather than hired or appointed representatives of the people, is not subject to any specific statute or rule governing his or her ethical conduct. While they are subject to civil suit and criminal prosecution for violations of common laws, presidents are generally immune from punishment for conduct related to their official acts. In other words, presidents are generally free to lie or misrepresent facts, as long as they do not intentionally defame any specific person or persons in doing so. In fact, the only the only practical remedies to unethical conduct on the part of the president are the constant vigilance of a well-informed public, congressional oversight, and ultimately the threat of impeachment for â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors.†

Environmental Regulation and Business Strategy in UK and Scotland Essay

Environmental Regulation and Business Strategy in UK and Scotland - Essay Example The plan also espouses the maximization of the remaining waste by utilizing its energy through waste-to-energy incineration plants. Electrical/and or heat energy can be produced by burning or incineration of wastes (Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 2011). This is an aspect of concern because the burning of solid and liquid material will produce mixtures of solid and gaseous emission like heavy metals, dioxins, particulates, ash residues, and acidic gases. An incineration plant refers to the technical unit and equipment that are dedicated for the purpose of burning or thermal treatment of waste material and in so doing, produce combustion heat (Council Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the European Council ). The definition for the incineration plant includes the site, incineration lines, waste reception, waste storage, fuel and air supplies, post-treatment areas for exhaust gases, waste and wastewater, and all other facilities and devices for control and mo nitoring the operations in incineration. Incineration of waste is achieved by oxidation, pyrolysis, and gasification. Strictly speaking, the energy produced by the incineration of waste materials cannot be considered renewable energy, but it can replace and supplement the energy that is sourced from fossil fuels like oil and coil, natural gas, and other renewable sources. As stated by the Scottish Planning Policy 6 on renewable energy, the energy derived from waste can help Scotland meet its targets for increasing electricity derived from renewable energy sources (Scottish Development Executive Department, 1997). Energy from waste is therefore considered a part of the response to climate change towards sustainable development. The Renewables Obligation gives incentives to suppliers of electricity to obtain electrical energy from renewable sources (Renewables Obligation, 2007). In Scotland, the Renewables Obligation, and the Renewables Obligation Order were enforced on April 2002. Th e schemes were introduced by the Scottish Executive and the Department of Enterprise and Trade, and are administered by the Gas and Electricity Markets Authority. The Renewable Orders set the amount of electricity from renewable sources to 5.5% and 6.7% in 2005-2006, and 2006-2007 respectively. In 2009, the Scottish government published the Renewables Action Plan, which committed the country to achieving 20% energy coming from renewable sources by 2020, which also meant that there must be a large increase in the energy derived from the heat (11% increase) and transport sectors (10% increase) (The Scottish Government, 2009). In the Renewables Obligation (Scotland) Amendment Order of 2011 which was enforced in April 2011, waste materials were already included as renewable energy sources. According to SEPA, incineration can be considered compatible with high recycling rates, which is also highly dependent on the segregation of wastes. Energy can be recovered from residual waste that ca nnot be recycled due to economic and technical reasons. Despite the economic crisis, the practice of waste incineration has risen worldwide (ecoprog/Fraunhofer UMSICHT, 2010). In the last decade, the annual global capacity of the incineration plants increased from 180 to 350 million tonnes. This can further rise by 20% in the next five years. It is further expected that with landfill sites decreasing, new plants will be

Marketing decisions and planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing decisions and planning - Essay Example For Hemopure, competitive market is represented by the donor blood market and substitute products. The main competitors of Biopure are Baxter and Northfield. Both companies are market leaders relying on the high quality of products and selling history. Competition refers to the creation of differential advantage particularly by the effective management of innovation to meet changing marketing opportunities (Cooper et al 133). Programmed innovation, like Hemopure, is the method of achieving continuous market adjustment; competition is its stimulus. The main difference between Baxter’s and Northfield’s products and Hemopure is that the latter is based on cattle blood used as the main source of hemoglobin. External factors that place a limit on competition and innovation include various types of governmental regulation, accepted industry practices and agreements, and the social. The main strengths of Hemopure are innovative methods of production and hemoglobin extraction. The main weakness is that the product is not ready for immediate launch and will need two additional years of research and development. Also, Northfield laboratories received FDI approval in 1999 (Biopure Corporation 8-9). Veterinary market proposes enormous opportunities for Biopure because it will be the only company producing such products. The main strength is that for the next 3-5 years, Biopure will be the only market leader in this sector. The main weakness is that any other company can enter this market and reduce the price level. Thus, even such lead

The Impeachment Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Impeachment Process - Essay Example Impeachment is a process intended to expose and correct political crimes (Gerhardt). Formally, impeachment can be defined as the â€Å"Constitutional process whereby the House of Representatives may accuse of misconduct high officers of the Federal Government for trial in the Senate† (Lectic Law Library). It is an exclusive congressional power, which is neither subordinate to judicial review nor it can be subjected to presidential veto. Whether the officer is forced to leave office or not depends upon the conviction of the Senate. SUMMARIZED AMERICAN IMPEACHMENT HISTORY: Article I, Sections 2 and 3 ensure the right of the House to impeach public officials, the President and the Vice President. The House of Representatives have instigated above 50 impeachment resolutions since 1789. Of these, the Senate received only 15 cases and from these 15 cases, only one involved a President. Two of the cases were dismissed on jurisdictional grounds, six ended in acquittal and seven in con viction (Kingsley). The most famous impeachments of the US history have been of: Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon and William J. Clinton. Johnson was impeached in 1868 for defying the Tenure of Office Act but he was acquitted May 1868 by being one vote short of the two-thirds required Senate majority. This acquittal taught a lesson to the Congressmen that impeachment could not be used as a tool for settling policy differences with executives. Richard Nixon was impeached in 1974 on the basis of three articles of impeachment, involving bribery, treason, perjury and other executive power abuses. As conviction became inevitable for his high crime charges, to avoid the dishonor of trial, Nixon resigned from his post in August 1974. Clinton was impeached in 1998 for having improper relationship and issues of character. He was, however, acquitted by the Senate in 1999, because it could not gather sufficient votes for conviction. His impeachment was more recognized as political warfare rather than actual basis for impeachment. This precedent could be used by future House members to analyze critically the consequences of impeaching a President with substantial public support. THE IMPEACHMENT PROCESS: The impeachment process is a two step process: 1. The Impeachment Power: The House of Representatives: The impeachment process is initiated when a member of the House under oath declares a charge of impeachment against the president or any other civil officer. It is on the disposition of the House of Judiciary Committee whether or not to go forward with the impeachment based on the investigation and the charges filed. The resolution passed by the Judiciary Committee authorizes whether grounds exist for the investigation to proceed or not. A thorough investigation takes place before entertaining any votes whether the accusations hold any reality or not. If evidence of some kind of treason exists, by majority vote â€Å"a resolution impeaching the individual in question and se tting forth specific allegations of misconduct, in one or more articles of impeachment, will be reported to the full House† (Halstead). The House thereafter votes for each article of the resolution, and on the basis of

Computer-based technology in the design process Essay

Computer-based technology in the design process - Essay Example Considering the cost of AutoCAD LT 2009 ranging to 1,000+ USD or 650+ EUR, it is very affordable â€Å"2D CAD software that is 100 percent compatible with AutoCAD.† AutoCAD LT 2009 claims to be â€Å"the best-selling 2D drafting application in the world† for increased productivity, drafting efficiency, shared design data security, and affordability (Novedge). On the one hand, Electronics Workbench costs from 76+ USD to 6,900+ USD or 49+ EUR to 4,400+ EUR. National Instruments introduces Electronics Workbench Educational Software compatible with printing and reports, and simulation, with â€Å"schematic capture, simulation (i.e. SPICE, VHDL and patented co-simulation), PCB layout, autorouting and CAM tools. Electronics Workbench dramatically reduces time-to-market by enabling the development and production of PCBs faster and more accurately than any other board layout system.† Through the lightweight view-and-plot-only DWF (Design Web Format) file format that provides the same viewing and to-scale plotting fidelity as a native DWG file; and by applying a digital signature to a DWG file to guarantee the authenticity, origin, and unaltered state of your drawing (Novedge.com) Electronics Workbench products contain all the functionality and power needed to easily teach even the most advanced level courses while using industry standard SPICE in the background. Also, Multisim’s drag-and-drop interface makes circuit

Strategy and Positioning Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategy and Positioning Paper - Essay Example The all-new Samsung Galaxy Edge is a very interesting product that will allows users to enjoy quick accessibility to their favorite applications and icons. It is a mobile phone with the latest technology of curved screen that has not yet been used by the company’s biggest competitor i.e. Apple Inc. The users of this new model of Samsung will be able to watch videos and other media on their screens and at the same time received notifications on their curved screens without any interruptions. The phone is android based and will come with the latest version of the operating system. It is powered by high-speed processor and has all features those other models of Samsung offer. It is also compatible with Samsung Gear (Samsung, 2014). The geographic reach of Samsung remains huge in terms of sales. The Samsung Galaxy Edge has been designed with the efficiency that allows everyone to use regardless of the region where it is marketed. The software demand of the gadget is global. It is due to this reason that the approach to sell the product will be diversified in terms of region. It should be noted that two-third of the US population remains male. Therefore, the product can easily be marketed to cater that segment by persuading goals concerning practical usage of the device for men. In addition, it can be said that the average buyer of Samsung products remains youth. IT is for this reason that this product will be marketed to the people within the age bracket of 25 to 35. The Samsung Galaxy Edge can easily be marketed to a diversified consumer range because it caters the needs of almost all consumers. Be it, older population or young users, Galaxy Edge will provide a way to detach from everything else and use the device to experience mobile media like never before. The demand of lifestyle is the major onset for Galaxy Edge in the market. The Samsung Galaxy Edge can be marketed

Computer-based technology in the design process Essay

Computer-based technology in the design process - Essay Example Considering the cost of AutoCAD LT 2009 ranging to 1,000+ USD or 650+ EUR, it is very affordable â€Å"2D CAD software that is 100 percent compatible with AutoCAD.† AutoCAD LT 2009 claims to be â€Å"the best-selling 2D drafting application in the world† for increased productivity, drafting efficiency, shared design data security, and affordability (Novedge). On the one hand, Electronics Workbench costs from 76+ USD to 6,900+ USD or 49+ EUR to 4,400+ EUR. National Instruments introduces Electronics Workbench Educational Software compatible with printing and reports, and simulation, with â€Å"schematic capture, simulation (i.e. SPICE, VHDL and patented co-simulation), PCB layout, autorouting and CAM tools. Electronics Workbench dramatically reduces time-to-market by enabling the development and production of PCBs faster and more accurately than any other board layout system.† Through the lightweight view-and-plot-only DWF (Design Web Format) file format that provides the same viewing and to-scale plotting fidelity as a native DWG file; and by applying a digital signature to a DWG file to guarantee the authenticity, origin, and unaltered state of your drawing (Novedge.com) Electronics Workbench products contain all the functionality and power needed to easily teach even the most advanced level courses while using industry standard SPICE in the background. Also, Multisim’s drag-and-drop interface makes circuit

Judaism & Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judaism & Christianity - Essay Example Sacrifices were in terms of livestock or agrarian products which are now simply replaced by money. There is no need to slaughter farm animals and burn them as offerings. The rituals has ceased when the New Testament was written. The Old Testament was about the law while the New Testament is about grace that supersedes the Law through Christ. From a Christian viewpoint, Christ was offered in repatriation for the sins of this world so there is no need to perform ritual sacrifices. Even the food that were considered unclean ( fish without scales, pork, etc) during the Old Testament is not an issue anymore in the New Testament as Mark 7:19 (NIV) states â€Å"For it doesnt go into his heart but into his stomach, and then out of his body†, thereby Jesus declared that any type of food is clean. The second reason why the Torah is not significant anymore is because there was a change of covenant between man and God. In the Old Testament, the covenant was directly between God and Moses. However, the coming of Jesus Christ changed that covenant since He became the offering. The rules were changed since faith is needed not obedience to laws for one to be saved. Nevertheless, the Torah remains a basis for moral laws by Christians today. The website spiritus.temporis.com clarifies the importance of Torah among modern day Christians through the following statement: One common approach is found in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) which divides the Mosaic laws into three categories: moral, civil, and ceremonial. In the view of the Westminster divines, only the moral law such as most of the Ten Commandments directly applies to Christians today. ( â€Å" Torah†, 2005) I agree with this because modern day Christians need not practice rituals anymore. The Ten Commandments gives Christians clear guidelines on what should be the basis of their moral actions. It would be unthinkable to hold a certain

The role of emotion in racial prejudice Essay Example for Free

The role of emotion in racial prejudice Essay Racial prejudice was defined by Allport , one of the first researchers in psychology to investigate the issue, as an aversive or hostile attitude towards a person who belongs to a group, simply because he or she belongs to that group, and is therefore presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to that group. It is an antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization (Allport, 1954). Racial prejudice exists on 3 levels: behavioral, cognitive and affective. The actual discrimination or unequal treatment towards a particular group based on their race is the behavioral component of racial prejudice. The cognitive component is made up of stereotypes. Stereotypes are categories of cognitions concerning the members of a particular group. These cognitions are usually simple, often over generalized, and frequently inaccurate. Stereotypes are not simply abstractions about group categories. They can act as cognitive filters through which we select what information to use, what to ignore, and how to interpret it. Stereotypes do not exist in isolation. They are accompanied by emotions, which are usually expressed in terms that can be distributed along a continuum ranging from the intensely negative to the very positive. (Simpson and Yinger, 1972) The emotional level is a major element of racism, because it serves as the motivation for stereotyping. Stereotypes would not be so powerful without affective links. After the cognitive level has been challenged and undermined, one continues to maintain stereotypes at the emotional or affective level. As the intensity of emotion increases, so does the level of prejudice. This paper will explore the influence of emotions on ones unconscious and conscious inclinations towards stereotyping and racism. Fear, anxiety, disgust and anger are all emotions that exist at the root of racism. According to an evolutionary perspective, fear is one of the most motivational emotions humans have in their bodies to keep them alive. It protects humans from danger, by motivating them to fight back when they are being threatened. This fight manifests itself in many different ways, but in the context of racism it is in the form of discrimination towards an out-group. This explains racism as a means of fighting back when an individuals fear has been aroused due to perceived threat to an ones fundamental needs by the out-group. Fear exists in the reptilian brain, the very basic area of the brain and it can sometimes be aroused unconsciously. Fear can cause neurotransmitters to fill the brain, bringing an individual to such a heightened state of arousal that the cause of fear becomes internalized. (Le Doux, 2002) In the context of racism, if an individual or group is identified with that arousal, an association is made that is not easily removed. This evolutionary logic leads to many thoughts about factors in modern day society leading to the acquisition of new stereotypes and prejudices, as well as the endurance existing stereotypes and prejudices. For example, a recent study conducted by Schaller, Park and Mueller investigated the effect of ambient darkness and thoughts about danger on stereotypes about Blacks. The participants were placed in either a well lit or dark room, then they were presented photographs of black males and asked to rate how much they represented the cultural stereotype. The study also included a separate questionnaire to assess each participants thoughts of living in a dangerous world. The results showed that when the participants were in the well lit room, their level of perceived danger in the world did not have an effect on the intensity of their stereotypes of blacks. However, when the participants were in the dark room, stereotypes of blacks were more intense in association with their level of perceived danger in the world. To people everywhere darkness is a threat, it presents danger due to vulnerability and has evil connotations. This study clearly illustrates the relationship between racism and fear. (Schaller, Park Mueller, 2002). Inter-group anxiety has been proven to be another motivator for racial prejudice. High levels of intergroup anxiety may amplify normative behavioral patterns, cause cognitive and motivational information processing biases, intensify self-awareness, and augment emotional reactions (Stephan Stephan, 1985). Stephan and Stephan proposed that intergroup anxiety stems mainly from the anticipation of negative consequences for oneself during contact. Much of the intergroup anxiety may be caused by minimal previous contact with the outgroup, the existence of large status differentials, and a high ratio of outgroup to ingroup members. Stephan and Stephans own study of Hispanic Americans perceptions of Anglos showed that high voluntary contact was negatively associated, and that high believed dissimilarity and stereotyping were positively associated, with intergroup anxiety. It was predicted that increased contact (under appropriate conditions) would be associated with decreased intergroup anxiety and that, in the context of our field study of minority and majority religious groups, intergroup anxiety would be higher for minority group members. (Stephan Stephan, 1985) The Social-identity theory is widely used as an explanation for prejudice. According to Social-Identity theory, an individual attains self-concept and self-esteem through membership to a particular group. A high need for esteem and belonging are often associated with racism because of the psychological need it fulfill it to feel superior, (which in actuality is a state of inferiority). In order for individuals to feel as though their group is meaningful and has status, it is unconsciously necessary for them to place others below them. In applying emotion to this model of prejudice, it is evident that fear of rejection acts as a motivator for out-group discrimination in order to protect ones own ego. A newer model of prejudice; Intergroup Emotions Theory, combines this social identity perspective with the assumptions of appraisal theories of emotion. Intergroup Emotions Theory claims that emotions are caused by the collective aspect of the self. For example, when an outgroup is appraised as threatening an ingroup, negative intergroup emotions such as fear or anger may result, and become part of a general prejudice against the outgroup that may motivate discriminatory behavior. Thus, Intergroup Emotions Theory holds that emotions experienced by individuals with respect to their group memberships make a unique contribution to prejudice and intergroup relations. In association with the Intergroup Emotion Theory which recognizes the appraisals and attribution process in racial motives. Esses, Haddock and Zanna point out that there is more to prejudice than merely the attribution of stereotypes to groups. Their research suggests that the emotions elicited by a particular group are important in determining ones level of prejudice. When one is in a good mood, he or she is likely to evaluate members of out-groups more favorably than when he or she is in a bad mood. (Esses, Haddock Zanna, 1993) Another example of the role emotion plays in predicting racial prejudice is illustrated in a study by Esses and Dovidio. They found that when white students were shown a videotape of a black man experiencing discrimination in several situations and asked to focus on their feelings about each situation, they felt more positive toward blacks and were more willing to interact with blacks in the future than students who were told to pay attention to their thoughts in this regard. Aversive racism is yet another way in which emotion is seen as a factor in racism. Aversive racism is accompanied by feelings of anxiety, which are caused by intergroup expectancies and by the contribution of ignorance that often coexists with fear. Gaertner and Dovidio state that aversive racism is excluded from conscious awareness and amplifies positive behaviours toward a minority group. Negative feelings follow these overly positive behaviours. Gaertner and Dovidio indicate that there are several possible negative emotions involved such as discomfort, anxiety, uneasiness, disgust and even fear. These emotions occur because of the extreme cognitive exercise necessary to avoid expressing unacceptable racist comments. Once again it is being suggested that negative emotions mediate the relationship between stereotypes, which are unavoidable, and prejudice that includes affect. (Gaertner and Dovidio, 1986) The studies mentioned throughout this paper prove that emotions play a significant role in human tendencies towards racial prejudices. It is also evident that these tendencies can be in many ways unconscious. However, much of this research has also shown that if humans are made more aware of the role that their emotions play in these prejudice thoughts and actions, they can learn to monitor them consciously. Also other research has noted that by increasing intergroup contact racism between groups will decrease. Racial prejudice is a major social problem that must be alleviated and more research in this area will always be beneficial in helping society become more unified. Works Cited Allport, The Nature of Prejudice, Doubleday, 1958 Esses, V. Dovidio, J. (2002). The role of emotions in determining willingness to engage in intergroup contact. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 637-649. Esses, V. M. , Haddock, G. , Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. M. Mackie D. L. Hamilton (Eds. ), Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception (pp. 137-166). San Diego: Academic Press. Gaertner, S. L. , Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio S. L. Gaertner (Eds. ), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. LeDoux, Joseph. The Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. Viking, 2002. Schaller, M. , Park, J. , Mueller, A. (2002). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about dander and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Bulletin, 28, 1242-1254. Simpson G. E. Yinger J. M, Racial and Cultural Minorities. An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination, New York 1972, p. 24. Stephan, W. G. , Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 157-175.

Religious Traditions And Beliefs Religion Essay

Religious Traditions And Beliefs Religion Essay This paper will explain how to describe and encourage religious traditions and holy, sacred time and sacred space and the relationship, they have the following relationship. Finally, the author of this document will also include from a variety of religious traditions and beliefs brief example.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holy Spirit is the ultimate beauty.  In my belief, is God.  According to experience the world from the religion section of the book is that God is the divine being.  The authors mother is sacred words, saying that heaven and sacred time of prayer and sacred places of her heart.  The authors mother believed that life on earth is her death is her end and beginning.  My belief comes from my upbringing and I am from my parents to give guidance.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, I will explain the sacred time.  According to the study of all things holy time is updated.  This is my prayer is a time duration.  Where I can collect all the ideas and updates as the purification of his soul.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my religious tradition, prayer is the time to think about what I call the sacred teachings of the Bible.  The Bible gives an explanation of human and Gods plan of salvation, the origin of mankind.  The Bible also reveals Gods grace and full of tolerance to human by developing standards and instructions, so that through its commitment to Israels prophets in the ancient country.  Commitments for a birth of the savior, which is to comfort, heal and forgive the sins of mankind examples.  And I am grateful, because I pray for time, I promise to forgive me by his fault, and to strengthen the renewal of my faith again, I can take the challenges of daily life.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best way to explain the sacred space from the story from the Bible.  Jesus said to his time, he told them, some of you walking in the mountains or in the temple worship, as it is you think God is just, the time will come, not to go to the mountains or into the temple, because God  is spirit, and you will worship in spirit, he, by his means you can worship him anywhere and at any time. Therefore, my sacred place, I and my carry me to go, because it is in my heart.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These are working together, because they are taught, to my family and my personal experience of traditional culture and the.  My personal experience has shown me the truth of Christian doctrine.  I got a place in heaven life after death and God and my family.  My spirits, I am guilty of freedom, I feel, there is a positive happiness and joy in my life there.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christianity is a religion, believe in God in an example.  According to the Wiccan goddess worship and read the many natural God.  Druids is similar to the witchcraft religion they are polytheists, they will naturally worship of many gods.  Yoruba people, including traditional Santeria, Voodoo, and Candomble are subject to Catholicism.Yoruba tradition as the Catholic Church believe in God.  The difference is that the Yoruba people of the supernatural.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In short there are many aspects of religion.  Ancient religions have taken a new look, they just modified, repackaged, and even gives a new and completely religious fantasy.Basically it is the old story of human beings, trying to reach Gods level. Religion gives a person the purpose and sense of security. In a higher power to provide a comfortable belief in humanity. How do we begin the story tell us why we are here, we went to. This knowledge, or consciousness, often behind a belief in the power of God, or some people call it as sacred. Let us look at Christianity and religion say what it is, whether and how a Christian organization. In this process, will see a Christian and other religious relations. In all religions, there are some basic traditions. For example, the religious doctrine is based on the belief originated from New story. Many religions believe that there is only one God, and not more than God. This idea not only in Christianity, Judaism and Islam, but at the same time. In these beliefs, a consensus is God is the origin and the presence of all the source (China business experts, and the second). These three religions are taught using the book written by the principle of faith. Judaism, Christianity uses the Bible to use the Bible, the Koran and Islam use. Although reports of these books vary, all of the people think, is to teach the children of Abraham. Believers are encouraged to use as a guideline to the teachings, and believe that by following the will of God, mankind will benefit from a more fulfilling life, enjoy the eternal paradise (China business experts, and the second). The story of the book, the origin of these special determination of each and every proph et who started direct communication with God. Some of the stories seem to have a mysterious origin. For example, in the Bible, Jesus was thought to have died, rose again from the dead. Noah is also recorded in the construction of a two-thirds of the world, located in the extinction to save their boat. Throughout the ages, Christianity, Judaism and Islam have a squabble, the accuracy of their opposition has led to war and fighting. There are many similarities exist between the various religions to practice faith. Pilgrimage is a common occurrence in the Christian. Believers to the Holy Land of Israel to visit Jerusalem, and the Vatican in Rome. In Sikhism, the Golden Temple to India many followers, and Buddhists to Lumbini in Nepal (Cadman 2006-2010). There are in the majority of religious symbols. Water, for example, for a variety of religious rituals: Hindu bathing in the Ganges; Christian baptism with water; Jewish ritual purification of water, and Muslim and Shinto believers pray before the wash (University of Phoenix, 2004, p. 2.). Every religion to set a specific time to exercise and perform such ceremonies ceremony in a repeatable fashion. Christians, for example, generally in the Sunday church service. They sing, pray, listen to sermons, and to take regular exchange. There are many branches of Christianity and organizations in different styles. There may be a Presbyterian Christian church deacon and the government who deal daily with the part. Pastors need a college education, usually the head of the church. Minister or minister authorized by the Executive, such as church sermons or daily worship the clergy function. Similarly, the church in a Hindu Brahman is the highest level members of the church or organization head. However, in the Buddhist temple monks Group may be considered equal first ranking of the group. Religious studies in some of the key issues early is the key to the limited travel, limiting what they can read, incomplete texts, there are only verbal religion. Imagine Publishing visiting places of worship is not the majority of your conclusions. Some scholars concluded from his or her reading or heard. One can describe what they see, but imagine, understand it, if their own life experiences. Biblical scholars are not entirely caused between the setbacks. Sometimes texts will include hagiography. Hagiography is not objective history, writes the fact is now dry, but it is a story ( University of Phoenix, 2010, p. 22). Early religious scholars are in no loss of archaeological and anthropological research. These two studies are in early development of science hundreds of years ago. Todays scholars study to provide more tools to them. Early religious scholars rely on the opinions of others, there is no proof of the way these so-called facts presented to them. No matter what, he is called the title, every religious believers look forward to their organization and leadership, to teach them Gods guidance, I hope they live. These teachings are based on several years of New stories. Although each religion to follow their personal understanding of the basic principles of teaching is similar to the general concept of the religion. Each organization is dependent on a particular ritual form, the glory of God, but many similarities commitment ceremonies of other faiths. People use religion in the world to achieve their goals, and seek consolation in the unity. Provides an understanding of religious teachings is that people of any faith can relate to.

Romanticism in Tim OBriens Going After Cacciato Essay -- Going After

Romanticism in Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato       Critics of Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato have examined its narrative technique (see Raymond) and its position in literature as metafiction (see Herzog).   Still other critics have commented on the motif of time (see McWilliams) and the theme and structure (see Vannatta).   On the last point, critics find the structure of the novel is fragmented to reveal the nature of the United States' involvement in Vietnam.   Unfortunately, this fragmentation makes the novel appear structurally weak.   Critics have found no unifying element to the parts to affirm the sense of wholeness readers feel after completing O'Brien's novel.   Nevertheless, the reader senses that the seemingly random construction of the novel serves to underscore the random nature of the Vietnam war.   However, to lightly dismiss O'Brien's organization as simply fragmentary does great disservice to this American author.   A critical examination of a traditional element found in American Literature since its inception--the symbolic use of Nature--unifies Going After Cacciato and places the work firmly in the Romantic tradition.   Just as Romanticists have always relied upon Nature to unify and add substantial depth to their novels so, too, has O'Brien.   Specifically, a different element of Nature appears in each of the sections of the novel.   The novel divides into three distinct parts: the observation post chapters, the recollected history chapters, and the chasing Cacciato chapters.   In the observation post chapters, Nature is represented by the sea.   In the recollected history chapters, Nature is represented by the land and the fresh water.   In the chasing Cacciato chapters, Nature becomes ... ....   Nevertheless, the defeat by the land provided O'Brien with a refreshingly new revitalization of the traditionally romantic motifs of water and land, while also exploiting the ambiguous nature of war.         Works Cited       Herzog, Tobey C.   "Going After Cacciato: The Soldier-Author-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Character Seeking Control."   Critique 24 (Winter 1983): 88-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   96.    McWilliams, Dean.   "Time in Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato." Critique 29 (Summer 1988): 245-255.    O'Brien, Tim.   Going After Cacciato.   New York: Delta/Seymour   Ã‚  Ã‚   Lawrence, 1978.    Raymond, Michael W.   "Imagined Responses to Vietnam: Tim   Ã‚   O'Brien's Going After Cacciato.   Critique 24 (Winter 1983).    Vannatta, Dennis.   "Theme and Structure in Tim O'Brien's Going   Ã‚   After Cacciato."   Modern Fiction Studies 28 (Summer 1982):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   242-246.

Ben&Jerry Business Problems

As Bob the new CEO of Ben & Jerry’s, we believe that the following factors currently pose the most critical problem to the firm. Firstly, our internal x-factors namely manufacturing, inventory management, research and product development are in dire need of improvement. Currently, Ben & Jerry’s is highly dependent on Dreyer’s for production of its ice cream; up to 40% of Ben & Jerry’s total ice cream is produced by Dreyer’s. Ben & Jerry’s high dependency on Dreyer’s hasn’t been solved due to its inability to open and operate its third factory in St.  Albans, Vermont.This was due to the lack of understanding of the complex automated manufacturing systems which led to the adoption of simpler proven processes. Bob was hired to solve this problem due to my expertise in manufacturing and distribution in the food industry, even though his work experience in several aggressive management style corporations remain a concern due to the fact that ben&jerry’s is one of the most famous conservative social enterprise.However, this social enterprise was being criticized for corporate activities from damaging tribal cultures till other smaller issue, these issues could damage the brand reputation and sales further in the future. There are also several other x-factors apart from manufacturing which must also be solved. In my perspective, the firm’s R&D department is in need of improvement as the firm currently relies solely on the founder’s ideas and tastes, neglecting altogether the formal market research on the development of new flavors. This has led to problems of shortages and overstocks of particular flavors.Another serious problem within the firm is the 7:1 ratio, causing the firm to fail in attracting competent professionals and incentivizing mid-level employees from working hard and earning a promotion. The number one external problem facing the firm is the naturally slow growth in this hig her competition industry and the shifting demand within the super-premium ice cream segment towards the premium ice cream and frozen yoghurt segment. From the figures in exhibit 4, the frozen yogurt per production increased approximately 73% from 1. 34 in 1989 to 2. 32 quarts in 1994.We can clearly see that this increase in production has been primarily to meet the growing demands of more health-conscious consumers. The effect of more value-conscious consumers can also be seen in the shifting demand from the super-premium ice cream segment to the premium ice cream segment. Therefore we believe that we should merge or takeover a key player in the premium ice cream segment in order to enter the growing premium market, as seen in exhibit 6, and better utilize our existing cash and assets which has been unproductive for the past several years, as seen in exhibit 2.Moreover, this will help us in dealing with the possible threat of Unilever buying Haagen-Dazs in an attempt to dominate the ice cream market. If this deal happens to go through, Haagen-Dazs will exceed us in every aspect including channels of distribution, marketing, and operations. Therefore, we believe that negotiations with Unilever are crucial at this moment in time. The higher competition has induced firms to advertise more, thus eating a substantial portion of the profits.In 1994, we spent $6 million on advertising alone, causing expenses to jump significantly resulting in a net loss for the first time in the firm’s history. If the competition wasn’t so high and we didn’t have to spend $6 million on ads, our firm would still have been able to absorb the cost of the write off without incurring a net loss. The higher competition in recent years causes the profit margin in the industry to fall with merging or taking over will improve our company reduce our operating costs, thus, higher profit margin.

Kant Metaphysics

The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant’s â€Å"Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals†, argues upon the basis of morality introducing the ideals of the categorical imperative as the central concept of moral philosophy. The definition of the categorical imperative leads Kant towards the critique of pure reason arguing that without a goodwill one can’t even be worthy of being happy. Kant introduces goodwill, treating people as means rather than ends and doing the right thing for the right reason.Making a distinction between science and knowledge and eliminating common sense on a route to the philosophical, Kant defines reason as reason a practical faculty to influence will and also being essential to will. Kant argument in the Groundwork focuses upon the basic idea of what makes a good person good. It is the possession of a will that is a way determined by, or makes decision based of moral law. This goodwill is supposed to be the idea of one who onl y makes decisions that she holds to be morally worthy, taking moral considerations in themselves to be conclusive reasons for guiding her behavior.This sort of disposition or character is something we all highly value. Kant believes we value it without limitation or qualification. Formulated by pure reason, the categorical imperative according to Kant underscores his argument. The value of a good will thus cannot be that it secures certain valuable ends, whether of our own or of others, since there value is entirely conditional on our having and maintaining a good will. Kant’s categorical imperative argues that ones actions should be done from duty in order to obtain true moral worth. It is not the result of ones actions but rather means of that duty that leads humanity to happiness.The goodwill â€Å"of this person would sparkle like a jewel all by itself, as something that had its full worth in itself† (Kant, 1). Humanity is very much determined by strive for excelle nce in order to obtain the ultimate good. Kant’s hypothetical imperative stresses how indications and determination for the result are the goal for people to act. Juxtaposing with the ideals of the categorical imperative the latter is motivated by the result rather than acting from duty. Acting in such a way that ones actions can become a universal law is what I consider the road to happiness.It is not primarily doing good to oneself in order obtain a desired result. Doing good to others and treating these as means rather than ends is what I define as true happiness. Goodwill will â€Å"needn’t be the sole and complete good, but it must be the condition of all others, even of the desire for happiness† (Kant, 1). So we have to develop the concept of goodwill that is determined and esteemed as good in it without regard to anything else, judging the total worth of the actions we commit and with the entirety depending on it searching for the unconditional good.

Height: Width of Limpets Across Different Zones

Rocky Shore Ecology: Holbeck Beach This study was conducted to deduce whether the height to width ratio of limpets altered across the three main zones on the shore: upper, middle and lower. It was carried out on Holbeck Beach, North Yorkshire, where limpets were measured in all three zones using random sampling. We found a significant difference in the height to width ratio between the upper and lower shore and upper and middle shore. This is due to many factors, including the threat of desiccation and strong waves. Limpet Patelle VulgataRocky ShoreEcologyHolbeck BeachUpper ShoreMiddle ShoreLower ShoreCallipers QuadrentRandom SampleDesiccation INTRODUCTION Common limpets, Patella Vulgata, are found, on rocky shores, wherever there is an area firm enough for attachment on rocks, stones and in rock pools. [1] The common limpet is commonly found on Holbeck shore in relatively high abundance. Patella vulgata are in the taxonomic group gastropoda, and the family acmaeidae. They are abunda nt on rocky shores of all degrees of wave exposure but a high density of seaweed makes it harder for the Patella Vulgata to attach itself to the rocks, so limpet density is reduced. 2] Patella Vulgata have the ability to use their mucus and their ‘foot’ to clamp down upon the rock with considerable force. This allows them to remain safely attached at all times, despite strong wave action and the threat of desiccation during low tide. When the limpet is fully clamped onto the rock it is almost impossible to remove them. The common limpet is a temperate species, so is found mainly across Europe, spread from Norway to Portugal. The grey conical shell of Patella Vulgata can reach a width of 6cm and height of 3cm with ridges radiating from the central apex.The muscular foot of the limpet is usually a yellow colour and attached to the smooth interior of its shell. [3] Limpets graze upon algae, which grows upon the rocks where they live. They can scrape the algae with its radu la (a tongue coated with many rows of teeth) as they slowly move across the rock surfaces. The Patella Vulgata always return to the same spot, known as the homing scar, before the tide withdraws. The shells grow to match the contours of the rock in order to form a strong seal, protecting them from desiccation and also predation.They find their way back to the same spot by using chemical cues, finding their own mucus track and following it back to their home point. [4] Limpets are the prey of a variety of creatures, including seals, fish, shore-birds, starfish and humans. The limpets have two defences: fleeing or clamping down to the rock. They can determine which would be the most effective by detecting chemicals in the environment. Patella Vulgata have the general lifespan of 10 years but this can be drastically changed by the rate of growth. If there is an excess of food, the limpets grow exceedingly quickly but generally only live for around 3 years.However, if food is sparse, li mpets usually grow very slowly but can live up to 20 years. [5] Patella Vulgata are hermaphrodites and undergo a sex change during their life. At around 9 months they mature as males, but after a couple of years they change sex and become female. Spawning occurs annually, usually during the winter months as it is triggered by rough seas, which disperse the eggs and sperm. [6] The larvae has a pelagic life of about 2 weeks and then settles on rocks at a shell length of about 0. 2 mm, usually in rock pools or areas that are constantly damp. HYPOTHESISOur hypothesis states that there will be a difference in the height to width ratio of limpets on different parts of the beach: lower, middle and upper. The null hypothesis states that there will be no difference between the height to width ratio of limpets on different parts of the beach: lower, middle and upper. METHOD We visited an exposed rocky shore at Scarborough in order to deduce whether the height to length ratio of limpets change d across different zones of the shore. Initially, we had to identify the different area of the beach and we did this by using different types of seaweed and levels of diversity as an indicator. 7] The upper zone, also known as the high tide zone, does not have enough water to sustain large amounts of vegetation. [8] The predominant organisms are anemones, barnacles, hermit crabs and limpets. The rock pools in this area are inhabited by large seaweed and small fish. The middle shore, or middle tide zone, is submerged by water for approximately half of the cycle. This means that there is the capability to support much more marine vegetation, specifically seaweeds. The organisms found there are more complex and larger in size than further up the shore. 9] The rock pools can provide a suitable habitat for small fish, sea urchins, shrimps and zoo plankton. This area is more diversified than the upper shore. The lower shore, or low tide zone, is mostly submerged underwater. The most notic eable difference of this sub-region is the large diversity of different types of seaweeds. Organisms found in this zone are generally less adapted to periods of dryness. The creatures are generally the largest and most complex organisms on the shore as there are more sources of food as marine vegetation flourishes.The way that we sampled was random, meaning that every point is equally likely to be selected, and selection of one point does not change the probability of including any other point. [10] Once we had deduced the zones, we picked a random point in the zone, which was always the origin, and used a random number chart to decide how we far would walk before putting down the quadrant. We then measured the height and width of all the limpets inside the quadrant. In order to measure the limpets accurately we used a set of callipers; the callipers were positioned from the posterior end of the shell to the anterior.On average we measured 27 limpets per zone. We did not calculate a running mean but we knew from other students that variation decreases in the region of 20-25. We collected the data using a simple tally, adding to it during the day. RESULTS Lower to Middle Shore My hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the lower and mid shore. My statistical test gave a t-value of 1. 3 at 52 degrees of freedom. This value is not large enough to give me any confidence that there is a statistically significant difference, as it is below 1. 8; therefore I must reject my hypothesis and accept my null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between the height to length ratio of limpets found between the lower and mid shore. Middle to Upper Shore My hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the mid and upper shore. My statistical test gave a t-value of 3. 3 at 50 degrees of freedom. This value is larger than 2. 70, giving me a 99% confidence that there is a statistically significant difference and therefore I am able to accept my hypothesis. Upper to Lower ShoreMy hypothesis was that there would be a significant difference in the height to length ratio of limpets found between the upper and lower shore. My statistical test gave a t-value of 3. 2 at 52 degrees of freedom. This value is again larger than 2. 70 giving me a 99% confidence that there is a statistically significant difference and therefore I am able to accept my hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS The data we collected shows that the smallest limpets found on the Holbeck shore were on the middle shore. We found that, on the lower shore, the limpets had the smallest height but the largest width.This can be explained as they are the affected most by strong waves and are most at risk of being washed away. To combat these problems they have a shallow but wide shell to give the largest area for the muscular foot to hold onto the rock. Also, the limpets at the bottom of the shore are underwater for the longest time. This means that they have less problems combating desiccation than limpets in the other zones. This allows for a larger circumference of the shell, as it is not as essential to have a perfect seal to the rock. [11]On the upper shore, the limpets we found were generally taller with a smaller base of their shell. Being far up the beach, they do not have as many strong waves which may wash them from their rock so they do not need as large an area for the muscular foot to grip the rock. However, the smaller circumference lowers the chances of having an imperfection in the shape of the shell compared to the homing scar, meaning that a perfect seal will be created. This is of paramount importance as they spend most of their time exposed and in the sunlight – meaning desiccation could easily occur. 12] To help prevent desiccation, the tall shell allows water to be trapped inside, creating a small pool and allow ing the limpet to survive whilst being out of water during low tide. FURTHER DISCUSSION Apart from the threats of desiccation and strong waves, there may be other factors which influence the growth of limpets in different areas on the shore. One factor would be the feeding time available for limpets. [13] Limpets further down the shore spend more time underwater so they have more time to graze where as the limpets further up the shore have very little time under water so have very little grazing time. 14] The amount food eaten may in some way affect the growth patterns and development of the conical shells. Another factor is salinity. When the shore is submerged regularly by sea water, the salinity generally remains stable. However, in areas with an abundance of rock pools may have varied salinity levels. As rock pools constantly dry out, due to exposure to warm temperature, the water evaporates leaving behind the salt. [15] Overtime the salinity levels become high, making the rock pool inhabitable to many creatures, including limpets which can only tolerate normal sea water salinity. 16] Fluctuations in salinity alter the water potential and may cause cells in the limpet to become turgid or flaccid – both of which are dangerous. REFERENCES [1] – RG Evans (1974). Biology of British Limpets: Page 411. Found on 12. 10. 12. [2] – I Cockcroft. Website: Gyllybeach, Common Limpet. Found on 13. 10. 12. [3] – Fish, J. D. & Fish, S. (1996) A student's guide to the seashore. Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Found on 13. 10. 12 [4] – Website: pznow, Limpets. Found on 14. 10. 12. [5] – Hill, J. M. , (2000). Patella vulgata.Common limpet. Marine Life Information. Found on 17. 10. 12 [6] – BBC (2005) Website: BBC, Science and Nature, Animal Fact Files, Common Limpet. Found on 12. 10. 12. [7] – Vipera, T. Website: Life Under The Sea, Zonation. Found on 18. 10. 12. [8] – YPTE (2010). Website: ypte, Environment, Rocky Shore Ecology. Found on 15. 10. 12. [9] – Rothery M (2005) Rocky Shore Handout. Found on 20. 10. 12. [10] – R Easton, Hall J. Website: Stats Glossary, Sampling. Found on 18. 10. 12. [11] – Norfolk WT (2011). Website: Norfolk Wildlife Trust, Wildlife, Common Limpet. Found on 20. 0. 12. [12] – J Adams (1999) â€Å"A Comparison of Width and Height of Common Limpets Between a Sheltered Shore and an Exposed Shore.. Found on 20. 10. 12. [13] – Levinton J. S. (1995) Marine biology: function, biodiversity, ecology. Oxford University Press. Found on 22. 10. 12 [14] – Bennett, I. (1987) W. J. Dakin's classic study: Australian Seashores. , Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Found on 22. 10. 12. [15] – Wars (2011). Website: Limpet Wars, marine science. Found on 20. 10. 12. [16] – Knox G. A. (2001) The ecology of seashores. CRC Press. Page 557. Found on 20. 10. 12